Timeline of Art Movements

It was mentioned to me a little while back that I often speak about the movements that works of art fall in and attempt to explain them but it is sometimes hard to figure out exactly what the chronological order of the movements is and how the progression happened. With that in mind I found a website that displays a chronological progression and is easily accessible and readable to even those who are not looking for long, convoluted and technical explanations but rather a brief overview and dates.

http://www.artmovements.co.uk/home.htm

I have made a list, however, of the major movements and included their dates and some artists that fall into that category. If you would like more information please email me or you can utilize the site I have attached. Also, if you feel I made a mistake and want to add your two cents please comment below. I think the sharing of information is important and if my thinking is flawed I want to know the facts!

TIMELINE OF ART MOVEMENTS

Ancient & Classical Art (15000 BC / 400 BC-200AD / 350 AD-450AD)
- Greek, Roman, Pre-Historic, Sumerian, Japanese, etc.

Medieval & Gothic Art (400 – 1200 AD)
- Manuscript Illumination
- Romanesque and Gothic Architecture (ex. Chartes Cathedral)

Early Renaissance, Italian (1200 – c.1399)
- Cimabue, Giotto, Masachio, Botticelli

Renaissance, Northern
- Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrect Durer, the Bruegels

Late/High Renaissance, Italian (1400 – c. 1520)
- Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Mannerism (c. 1520 – c. 1580)
- Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo, Parmigiano, Rosso Fiorentino, El Greco

Baroque (late 16th to early 18th century)
- Caravaggio, Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi

Rococo (18th century)
- Boucher, Fragonard

Neo-Classical (after 1765)
- Jacques-Louis David

Romanticism (late 18th century and early 19th)
- Turner, Goya, Géricault, Delacroix, Caspar David Friedrich, Henry Fuseli

Pre-Raphaelites, British (began 1848 – 1920’s)
- Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millias

Arts & Crafts Movement, began in Britian (1880-1910)

Realism (1830-1870)
- Gustave Courbet, Millet, Honore Daumier, Corot, Whistler, Sargeant

Impressionism (1867-1886)
- Monet, Manet, Degas, Pissaro, Renoir, Morisot

Symbolism (1885-1910)
- Gustav Klimt, Edvard Munch, Gustave Moreau

Post-Impressionism (1880-1920)
- Cezanne, van Gogh, Rodin, Modigliani, Seurat, Gaugin, Toulouse-Latrec

Art Nouveau (late 1880s)
- Klimt, Alphonse Mucha, Gaudi, Toulouse-Latrec

Expressionism (1905-1925)
- Egon Schiele, Kirchner, Marc Chagall, Edvard Munch

Fauvism (1905-1908)
- Matisse, Derain

Der Blaue Reiter (c. 1911)
- Franz Marc, Kandinsky

Cubism (1908-1919)
- Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Ferdinand Leger

Dada (1916-1920s)
- Arp, Andre Breton, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Hannah Hoch, Kurt Schwitters

Futurism (c. 1909 – c. 1920’s)
- Umberto Boccioni, Severini, Calla, Balla, Marinetti

Bauhaus (1919-1930s)
- Walter Gropius, Paul Klee

Surrealism (1920-1930s)
- Dali, Magritte, Max Ernst, Miro, Duchamp, O’Keefe

Constructivism, Russian (1915-1940’s)
- Malevich, Kandinsky, Tatlin

Abstract Expressionism (1940-1960’s)
- Jackson Pollack, Mark Rothko, William de Kooning, Gorky

Pop Art (1950-1960’s)
- Warhol, Hockney, Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Lichtenstein, Jeff Koons

Minimalism (c. 1950’s – 70’s)
- Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly

Neo-Expressionism (c. 1980’s)
- Julian Schnabel, Anselm Kiefer

Post-Modernism (1960-present)
- Donald Judd, etc.

It is very true that every person has their own ideas about the exact dates of each of these movements. I have attempted here to give a VERY cursory overview of the progression of art movements in Western Art. Many movements are missing but I believe that is a good basic timeline and one that will help any one who is not an art historian better understand how things progressed. As you can see by the dates many movements overlapped. If you have any questions, please email me and I hope this list puts some what we have been looking at in a chronological order.

Suggested Reading: Books About Art, Individuals, and The Markets That Bring Them Together

So this week is kind of a big deal, Friday will be the 50th post! In light of this, I decided I work spice things up a bit by doing some new things this week. Today I am posting on a few books that revolve around the visual arts but are very reader friendly and can teach one a ton about art, its markets, and the some people that inhabit the art world, past and present. Some are more inspirational than others, and some are downright depressing when one realizes how absolutely subjective the art markets are. However, for anyone who is reading this blog because they want to learn more about the visual arts then here is some suggested reading to do whenever you have time. I know the second I graduate I am finally getting to a whole other stack of books that have been sitting, waiting, while I finish school. If anyone else has books to add, please comment below or email me @ theartdaily@gmail.com. Many of the readers of this blog are art historians or collectors themselves and I would love to know what YOU are reading. I have included my favorite one or two books in each category, and if you would like more please let me know!!

Artist's Biographies:

John Richardson's A Life of Picasso (in three parts)
1. A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881-1906
2. A Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 1907-1916
3. A Life of Picasso: The Triumphant Years, 1917-1932
-> the definitive books on this incredible master, written by his close friend John Richardson. For anyone who wants to know everything there is to know about Picasso's life, loves, art and politics. An incredible read. I wish each of my favorite artist's had such a biographer.

Books about the Current Art Market and Industry:

Don Thompson's The $12 Million Stuffed Shark: The Curious Economics of Contemporary Art (2008: Palgrave Macmillan)
This book uses Damien Hirst's work The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1993) to attempt to explain the economics that make the contemporary art market so volatile and elitist. Thompson does a phenomenal job explaining the different sectors of the market from the different tiers of dealers, to the backroom of auction houses, and to the ever-proliferating art fairs all over the world. The book reads like a thriller, I could not put it down. As someone who has spent much time learning about art movements in the past, to understand the marketing strategies of art that is being produced now was a new experience and I am glad Thompson was one of my introductions to the form and the market.

Sarah Thorton's Seven Days in the Art World (2009: Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.)
A trip through different aspects of the art world (museums, auctions, dealers, art magazines, art critics, art prizes), Thorton's book is very much a light read that at times makes good points. For an overview of some of the many aspects of this multi-faceted industry it is a good quick read that I recommend for its more in-depth interviews with artists and individuals on the inside.

Art World Individuals:

Thomas Hoving's Making the Mummies Dance: Inside The Metropolitan Museum Of Art (1994: Simon & Schuster)
Written by the late former Director of the Metropolitan Museum, this autobiographical romp through the upper echelons of society and the highest tiers of museum administration is at once hilarious and sobering. By sheer force of will, and obviously exaggerated manipulation tactics, Hoving helped to build the Met as we see it today. From the blockbuster exhibitions that draw crowds to the museum to the huge banners that proclaim them, Hoving was there and he probably brought it about. Also discusses some of the largest scandals to have hit the museum, such as the looted Krater that had to be returned because of illegal obtainment. A really enjoying read, sadly the author passed very recently but this book has had a bit of a re-birth in popularity because of it.

Art Collections and Collecting:

Cynthia Saltzman's Old Masters, New World: America's Raid on Europe's Great Pictures (2008: Penguin Group)
Fabulous book on how two men, Lord Joseph Duveen and Bernard Berenson were able to make the immensely wealthy covet European Old Master paintings to the point of addiction. Part art history, part gossip column from the Gilded Age, this book is hard to put down and will make you look at every work in the Frick Museum and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in a new, fascinated, light. Also discusses how many of these great European art works later ended up in the Metropolitan Museum due to many of these collectors positions on its Board of Trustees, and the formation of those offices.

Art in World War II Europe:

Lynn H. Nicholas' The Rape of Europa : The Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (1995:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group)
Chronicles many of the world's most famous works of art and their journeys during this turbulent time. Includes portraits of the leading figures in the controversies from Goering to Gertrude Stein and everything between.

Because It Is the Weekend and This is Funny

I really hope you can enjoy the lighter side of art. The scandals and serious histories can make art sometimes seem pretentious and depressing. I hope this can make your weekend just a little bit funnier. See you Monday.



Mona Lisa Leonardo Da Vinci The 3D Truth in Old Mas - Click here for more home videos

Art in Quotations

Painting is poetry that is seen rather than felt, and poetry is painting that is felt rather than seen.

~ Leonardo da Vinci

Winged Victory of Samothrace (early 2nd century BC)

Hellenistic (Greek), Winged Victory of Samothrace (early 2nd century BC). 3.28 meters tall, Gray Lartos marble for the ship, Parian marble for the statue. The Louvre, Paris.

The Winged Victory of Samothrace is one of the most famous works of art and is definitely up there in the category of ancient art. The statue stands at the top of the main staircase in the Louvre and anyone who visits, whether to see the phenomenal Caravaggio's and Davids or to see that silly portrait that everyone talks about*, has to walk by it. A hugely popular artwork the Victory is not usually appreciated for its context but rather its intimidating appearance and location within the Louvre. However, Victory figures decorate some of the most beautiful ancient sites in the world and the Winged Victory takes its place among them with the incredible drapery and movement the art was able to create.

The work was uncovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace by Charles Champoiseau, the French politician. The religious sanctuary at Samothrace was dedicated to the gods who protected seafaring men and naval officers of war. The statue of Nike, the goddess of Victory, was an offering to honor of these gods. Because of the placement of Nike at the prow of a ship it has been suggested that the statue was commissioned as a commemoration of a naval victory of the Rhodians over an enemy. The ship the sculpture perches on is a Rhodian creation. From the dating of the work to around 190 BC, if it was created for a specific event it would have celebrated the Rhodian's victory over might have been created to celebrate the battle of Myonnisos, or the battle of Side.

The sculpture itself is beautifully described by Marie-Bénédicte Astier in her catalogue entry of the Louvre's collection. I quote her here in writing, "With her right hand cupped around her mouth, she announced the event she was dedicated to commemorate. The colossal work was placed in a rock niche that had been dug into a hill; it overlooked the theater of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods. This niche may also have contained a pool filled with water in which the ship appeared to float. Given its placement, the work was meant to be viewed from the front left-hand side; this explains the disparity in sculpting technique, the right side of the body being much less detailed. The highly theatrical presentation-combined with the goddess's monumentality, wide wingspan, and the vigor of her forward-thrusting body-reinforces the reality of the scene. The Winged Victory of Samothrace is one of the masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture. The figure creates a spiraling effect in a composition that opens out in various directions. This is achieved by the oblique angles of the wings and the placement of the left leg, and emphasized by the clothing blowing between the goddess's legs. The nude female body is revealed by the transparency of the wet drapery, much in the manner of classical works from the fifth century BC, while the cord worn just beneath the breasts recalls a clothing style that was popular beginning in the fourth century. In the treatment of the tunic-sometimes brushing against the body, sometimes billowing in the wind-the sculptor has been remarkably skillful in creating visual effects. The decorative richness, sense of volume, and intensity of movement are characteristic of a Rhodian style that prefigures the baroque creations of the Pergamene school (180-160 BC)."

The Winged Victory is more than just a welcome sign to visitors of the Louvre. It stately appearance shows Nike's close relationship with the goddess of war, Pallas Athena, and her important role in the day-to-day lives of Hellenistic peoples. This magnificent work presides over one of the most incredible museum collections in the world but after I see her, every time I am left with the feeling that I wish I could have seen her presiding over the Sanctuary of the Great Gods in Rhodes and over blue Aegean beyond in her winged glory.



*The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci if you live under a rock :)

Barnett Newman, Broken Obelisk (1963-69)

In front of the Rothko Chapel, Houston, Texas


In the MoMA, New York


The work in the square of the University of Washington, Seattle



Barnett Newman, Broken Obelisk (1963-69). Cor-Ten steel, 749.9 x 318.8 x 318.8 cm.

Situated outside the Rothko Chapel discussed in yesterday's post is a beautiful and moving sculpture by Barnett Newman. The Broken Obelisk in Houston is dedicated to the memory of Martin Luther King, Jr. The sculpture's path to its current location was long and the de Menils who founded the Rothko Chapel were responsible for its move there. Because I have not seen the work and the history of this sculpture is very involved I have attached here the Rothko Chapel's account of the work and its importance to the overall structure of the Rothko Chapel. The two other casts of the work are in Seattle and in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

"The “Broken Obelisk” came to Houston as part of a 1967 government program that gave funds for monumental works of contemporary art in public places. Four cities, Philadelphia, Grand Rapids (MI), Seattle and Houston, were chosen to receive funds. The sculpture that eventually arrived in Houston was first exhibited in front of the Seagram Building in New York City, and then the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. The de Menils then arranged for the transfer of the sculpture to Houston as a part of the cultural enhancement program.

Providing both funds and interminable conviction, the de Menils worked endlessly to overcome objections to their proposed dedication of the sculpture to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the question of where the Broken Obelisk would be exhibited. The masterpiece finally found its home in front of the Rothko Chapel.

Newman constructed three Broken Obelisks – one is here in Houston, one is in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the third on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle. All are made of Cor-Ten steel, a material that is designed to rust. Houston’s, however, has suffered more than the other two, partly because of the Houston humidity and also because this Obelisk is in a reflecting pool. In 1987, foam was blown into the sculpture to stop the seams from popping apart due to air pressure. However, the foam only spurred new problems. The constant condensation inside the Obelisk kept the foam from drying properly and corrosion not only ensued from the outside in, but began occurring from the inside out as well.

The Obelisk’s wellbeing remained unstable until August, 2004, when experts from the Menil were brought in to conserve it. First, it had to be dismantled – much easier said than done! A harness was placed around the pyramid and a huge crane pulled on the harness. No movement at all! A different harness was designed to utilize a central force at the point at which the obelisk and pyramid meet to pry it apart. Still no movement.

The inside of the obelisk contains a “bladder” -- a huge balloon filled with water to offset the weight of the structure and keep it standing upright. On the third attempt, a steel rod was attached perpendicular to the rod that runs through part of the structure in an attempt to break the bladder. To try to break the rust, the steel rod was hammered – hard. STILL no movement.

For the fourth try, specially-made harnesses were attached to the Obelisk and ropes were pulled, applying force from varying directions. In effect, the Obelisk was being wiggled. And it worked! The rust broke and the renovation project could begin.

The "Broken Obelisk" underwent a meticulous restoration process, overseen by Menil sculpture conservator Laramie Hickey-Friedman. Hickey-Friedman’s conservation treatment was designed to be minimally invasive to the sculpture while still stabilizing and strengthening it. Houston’s W.S. Bellows Construction Corporation donated the use of a mill for housing the off-site project, and also the services of an employee to operate the heavy equipment needed to lift and move the nearly 5-ton work of art. The repair of the sculpture was also made possible by a grant from the Annalee and Barnett Newman Foundation.

The "Broken Obelisk" was reinstalled at its original site in time for Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, in 2006. Marking the conclusion of Black History Month, on Sunday, February 26, 2006, The Rothko Chapel re-dedicated “Broken Obelisk” in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The Rothko Chapel and The Menil Collection co-hosted a ceremony at the reflecting pool outside the chapel. The Reverend William A. Lawson, founding pastor of Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church officiated the ceremony, and Jill Jewett, the city’s Assistant for Cultural Affairs, read a proclamation from Mayor Bill White.

Barnett Newman once said, “The Obelisk is concerned with life and I hope that I have transformed its tragic content into a glimpse of the sublime.” This living dedication to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. has indeed transformed the city, adding beauty and magnificence that has been enjoyed for over thirty years. “Broken Obelisk” rises anew at the Rothko Chapel reflecting pool, a landmark work of art and a powerful memorial to Dr. King." - http://www.rothkochapel.org/BrokenObelisk.htm

Mark Rothko, Rothko Chapel (1971)

Mark Rothko, Rothko Chapel (1971). Houston, Texas.

Dedicated on 1971, the Rothko Chapel is a non-denominational chapel that was conceived and created by Mark Rothko (September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970), the Russian-born painter who worked in America and is famous for his abstract paintings of large blocks of color. The work was commissioned by the great collectors John and Dominique de Menil of Houston, Texas. Their de Menil Museum is nearby and has one of the greatest collections of Surrealist art in the country, if not the world. The Rothko Chapel is open to all faiths and followers, many great leaders have spoken here including Nelson Mandela.

The de Menil's idea for the chapel came from their visits to Fernand Léger's stained-glass windows at the Sacré Coeur in Audincourt, the Chapelle de Saint-Marie du Rosaire, designed by Henri Matisse with windows and murals by the artist, and Le Corbusier’s design for Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp. They were interested in the idea of church and art and how it had evolved. The original idea was a Catholic chapel but the other organization involved, University of St. Thomas, wanted too stringent of a policy for visitors and the set-up so the de Menil's moved the site and created the non-denominational space that is there now.

The Chapel was commissioned in 1964 and went through many different phases of design and revision. The Chapel building itself was designed first by Phillip Johnson, and then subsequently by Howard Barnstone and Eugene Aubry. Johnson left the project because of creative differences with Rothko. The final building standing was an amalgamation of the three architects that became the perfect display space for the eight site-specific paintings Rothko created to hang on the walls.

The eight paintings, including three triptychs (paintings of more than one panel) are all painted mostly in black with a variation in color and hue. They are by no means fourteen black panels. The colors deepen and fade as one moves in front of the work and no two panels are the same. Large canvases, they take up almost the entirety of the walls and imbue the space with a serenity not seen in most religious spaces. The tone of the room is meditative and tranquil and the paintings seem to at once pulse with life and be at perfect stillness.

The Chapel was finished and dedicated in 1971, but Mark Rothko did not live to see his final product. He committed suicide in his studio on February 20, 1970. This space is a testament to his ability to communicate through deceptively simple paintings. His work is characterized as abstract expressionism but he often spoke of rejecting that title or any. He saw himself, and art, as outside of the labels that seem to be necessary to categorize what we feel and see.

I strongly urge anyone who happens to be in Houston to visit this amazing space. It is truly a wonder. It is open every day to anyone, all year long.

The Rothko Chapel
1409 Sul Ross Street
Houston, TX 77006-4829
(713) 524-9839
http://www.rothkochapel.org/



Dominique de Ménil sitting in the Chapel, 1987.

Because it was neccessary.

Brought to attention by my dear friend Natalie, a moment of reflection on the part of one of the most important minds in the history of art.

"What do you think an artist is? An imbecile who has only his eyes if he's a painter, or ears if he's a musician, or a lyre at every level of his heart if he's a poet, or even if he's a boxer, just his muscles...? On the contrary, he's at the same time a political being, constantly alive to heartrending, fiery, or happy events, to which he responds in every way. How would it be possible to feel no interest in other people and by virtue of an ivory indifference to detach yourself from the life which they so copiously bring you? No, painting is not done to decorate apartments. It is an instrument of war for attack and defense against the enemy." - Pablo Picasso, 1945

Computer Down

Detail: Tintoretto, Belsazar's Feast (1544-1545)

Hi Everyone,

My apologies but there will not be a post today because of technical difficulties. I promise to return Monday come hell or high water. I am writing this from the library because my MacBook has decided to not work any longer, I think the thesis is just too amazing for it to handle :) It is in the shop now and will be, hopefully, returned tomorrow.


All my best,
Lydia

For your patience you get to be the first people to view my official thesis title!! I know you are so excited, you just couldn't stand the suspence could you? Drumroll.....

The Writing on the Wall: Possibilities of Jewish Patronage in Renaissance Venice and the Workshop of Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto.

Above is a detail from one of the cassone panels I am working on. :)

Limborg Brothers, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (c. 1410)

Limborg Brothers, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (c. 1410). Illumination on vellum, 22.5 x 13.6 cm. Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. No longer available to see by the public.


January: Revelers exchange gifts at the New Year


February: Deep winter, peasants are shown in their homes staying warm by fires. The countryside is blanketed in snow.


March: Sowing the harvest. Château de Lusignan in the background.


April: With Spring comes love, a betrothed couple. Château de Dourdan in the background.


May: Procession to Paris, the Duke's Hôtel de Neslé is in the background.


June: Harvest Time! The Palais de la Cité forms the backdrop.



The Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry is one of the most important illuminated manuscripts in the Northern tradition during the 15th century. Unusual for a Book of Hours because it contains a full calendar of saint's days and festivals, the illustrated calendar is its standout component. Executed by the Dutch Limborg Brothers, Herman, Paul, and Johan, who are the most famous Northern Renaissance miniature painters, it was commissioned by the Duke of Berry. The calendar illustrations depict the months of the year and are identifiable by the activity going on within the image. I have included a list below of the various illustrations and their meanings. Also present in the illustrations are depictions of the Duke's various estates. They form the backdrop for every work and are magnificent in their detail.

Books of Hours were a common prayer book in the Medieval period that were widely commissioned by the wealthy elite. Many have multiple illustrations but the great number in this particular Book was unprecedented. The manuscript itself contains over 400 pages, has 131 miniature paintings and over 300 decorated capital letters. This work is the exemplar of border illustrations and text illustration. Though small the works make up in quality what they lack in size. The intricate detailing and lively expressions make these tiny paintings seem as vibrant as a van Eyck, whose brother oddly enough helped with the decorations.




July: The Sheep's Fur is Sheared, Château du Clain.


August: Hunting Season, Château d'Étampes.


September: Grapes are Gathered at the Château de Saumur.


October: With the Louvre in the background the fields are being tilled.


November: Acorns are Picked.


December: Boar Hunting, Château de Vincennes.